sábado, 31 de marzo de 2018

Blood in The Body Transportation HOMEOSTESYS

BLOOD

TRANSPORTAITION
REGULATION
DEFENCE PROTECTION HOMEOSTESYS

Circulatory System or Cardiuvascular System

Blood Pressure

Optimal blood pressure is less than 120/80 (systolic/diastolic). In healthy people, low blood pressure without any symptoms is not usually a concern and does not need to be treated. But low blood pressure can be a sign of an underlying problem -- especially in the elderly -- where it may cause inadequate blood flow to the heart, brain, and other vital organs.

Chronic low blood pressure with no symptoms is almost never serious. But health problems can occur when blood pressure drops suddenly and the brain is deprived of an adequate blood supply. This can lead to dizziness or lightheadedness. Sudden drops in blood pressure most commonly occur in someone who's rising from a lying down or sitting position to standing. This kind of low blood pressure is known as postural hypotension or orthostatic hypotension. Another type of low blood pressure can occur when someone stands for a long period of time. This is called neurally mediated hypotension. When it leads to passing out, if is called vasovagal syncope.

OPen and Close Circulatory SYSTEMS

Open are Less Eficient

Closed and Open Circulatory System

by Akira Sakurai

Closed circulatory system
Vertebrates, and a few invertebrates, have a closed circulatory system. Closed circulatory systems have the blood closed at all times within vessels of different size and wall thickness. In this type of system, blood is pumped by a heart through vessels, and does not normally fill body cavities.

Open circulatory system
The open circulatory system is common to molluscs and arthropods. Open circulatory systems (evolved in crustaceans, insects, mollusks and other invertebrates) pump blood into a hemocoel with the blood diffusing back to the circulatory system between cells. Blood is pumped by a heart into the body cavities, where tissues are surrounded by the blood.

**Human heart vs. Crayfish heart**
Human heart	Crayfish heart

To the Heartbeat of Crayfish

Lynphatic System

The lymphatic system is part of the circulatory system and an important part of the immune system, comprising a network of lymphatic vessels that carry a clear fluid called lymph (from Latin, lympha meaning "water"^[1]) directionally towards the heart. The lymphatic system was first described in the seventeenth century independently by Olaus Rudbeck and Thomas Bartholin. Unlike the circulatory system, the lymphatic system is not a closed system. The human circulatory system processes an average of 20 liters of blood per day through capillary filtration, which removes plasma while leaving the blood cells. Roughly 17 litres of the filtered plasma are reabsorbed directly into the blood vessels, while the remaining three litres remain in the interstitial fluid. One of the main functions of the lymph system is to provide an accessory return route to the blood for the surplus three litres.^[2]

The other main function is that of defense in the immune system. Lymph is very similar to blood plasma: it contains lymphocytes. It also contains waste products and cellular debris together with bacteria and proteins. Associated organs composed of lymphoid tissue are the sites of lymphocyte production. Lymphocytes are concentrated in the lymph nodes. The spleen and the thymus are also lymphoid organs of the immune system. The tonsils are lymphoid organs that are also associated with the digestive system. Lymphoid tissues contain lymphocytes, and also contain other types of cells for support.^[3] The system also includes all the structures dedicated to the circulation and production of lymphocytes (the primary cellular component of lymph), which also includes the bone marrow, and the lymphoid tissue associated with the digestive system.^[4]

Circulatory System

Los 4 Sistemas Del Cuerpo que Transportan

1 Circulatory SYSTEM
2,.

TISSUES are Group of Cells

1., NEURONAL
2 MUSCULAR
3 EPHYTELIAL
4 Conection Tissue

Functions of Connective Tissue

Connective tissue performs the following important functions in the body.

As a packing material, connective tissue provides a supporting matrix for many highly organized structures.
It forms restraining mechanism of the body in the form of retinacula, check ligaments and fibrous pulley.
The ensheathing layer of deep fascia preserves the characteristic contour of the limbs and aids circulation in the veins and lymphatics.
It provides surface coatings in the form of superficial fascia which stores fat and conserves body heat.
It provides additional surface for attachment of muscles in the form of deep fascia, intermuscular septa and interosseous membranes.
It forms fascial planes which provide convenient pathways for vessels (blood vessels and lymphatics) and nerves.
In places where it is loose in texture (loose connective tissue) it facilitates movements between the adjacent structures, and by forming bursal sacs it minimizes friction and pressure effects.
Connective tissue helps in the repair of injuries whereby the fibroblasts lay down collagen fibers to form the scar tissue.
The macrophages of connective issue serve a defensive function against the bacterial invasion by their phagocytic activity. They also act as scavengers in removing the cell debris and foreign material.-
The plasma cells are capable of producing antibodies against specific antigens (foreign proteins).
The mast cells, by producing histamine and serotonin, are responsible for the various inflammatory, allergic and hypersensitivity reactions.
Pigment cells protect the skin against ultraviolet radiation, so that the inflammatory changes typical sunburn do not occur, and the chromosomal damage in the dividing cells of epidermis is avoided.
Connective tissue contains mesenchymal cells of embryonic type. These are capable of transformation into each type of the connective tissue cells with their discrete functions.

Types of Connective Tissue

1) establishing a structural framwork for the body, 2) transporting fluids and dissolved materials from in body, 3) provides protection for delicate organs, 4) supports, surrounds, and interconnects other tissue types, 5) stores energy reserves (especially lipids), and 6) defends the body from invasion

1 Connective tissue proper

a type of connective tissue with many types of cells and extracellular fibers in a syrupy ground substance; two types: loose and dense

2 Loose CT proper

fibers create loose, open framework; types: areolar tissue, adipose tissue, and reticular tissue

Dense CT proper

fibers densely packed; types: dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic

Fluid connective tissue

-Watery matrix of dissolved proteins
-In blood, the watery matrix is called plasma
-Fluid connective tissue types:Blood and Lymph

blood

a type of fluid connective tissue; it is contained in the cardiovascular system

lymph

a type of fluid connective tissue; it is contained in the lymphoid system

Supporting connective tissue

less diverse cell population than CT proper and fluid connective tissue and matrix contains closely packed fibers; types:cartilage and bone

Cartilage

A strong connective tissue with varying degrees of flexibility. (1) Elastic cartilage is the most flexible, forming structures that reuqire support but also need to bend, such as the epiglottis and outer ear. (2) Hyaline cartilage is more rigid than elastic cartilage, and forms the cartilages of the ribs, the respiratory tract, and all joints. (3) Fibrocartilage is the least flexible of them all, and forms very strong connections, such as the public symphysis and the intervertebral disks.