3 Mainteinance of The Body System RESPIRATORY URINARY & DIGESTIVE

3 Maintenance of the Body Systems
 1 RESPIRATORY
 2 URINARY
 3 Digestive

 4 Transportation System
  1.-Circulatory
   2 Linfatic

1 digestive system

Breaks down organic macromolecules in food into monomers small enough for absorption and use by the body cells

mechanical digestion

Breaking larger pieces of food down into small pieces (increases surface area) Ex: chewing, churning of stomach

chemical digestion

breaking macromolecules into their monomers through the use of enzymes, which catalyze these hydraulic reactions

salivary amylase

Found in the mouth, it breaks starch into disaccharides

pepsin

Found in the stomach, it breaks protein into peptides

small intestine and pancreatic enzymes

amylase, trypsin, lipase, maltase, peptides

trypsin

breaks down proteins

lipase

breaks down fats

maltase, sucrase & lactase

breaks down sugar

peptides

breaks peptides into amino acids

stomach- mechanical digestion

muscles contract and mix food with gastric juice from chyme

stomach- chemical digestion

digestion of proteins by pepsin

HCI acid

makes the stomach acidic

small intestine

primary site of digestion and absorption

villi & microvilli

features of the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption

large intestine

absorbs water, bacteria colonies here make vitamin K

accessory organs

pancreas, liver, and gall bladder

pancreatic duct

divided into three sections: duodenum, jejunum, and lleum

pancreas

located under the curve of the stomach, the pancreas make digestive enzymes used in small intestine

liver

makes bile that emulates facts to increase surface area for their digestion by lipase

gall bladder

stores bile

rectum

between the large intestine and the anus

anus

waste exits from here

feces

indigestible matter

respiratory system

provides oxygen, and removes carbon dioxide from the body (gas exchange by diffusion)

pathway of air

nose -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli (site of gas exchange

diaphragm

"the breathing muscle"

alveoli

oxygen leaves alveolus and enters the blood, carbon dioxide moves in the opposite direction (diffusion!)

urinary system (excretory system)

eliminates waste from the blood and keeps water and electrolyte amounts correct

kidneys

nephrons filter the blood

ureters

carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder

urethra

takes urine from bladder to outside body

nephron

functional unit of the kidney, there are about 1 million nephrons per kidney
materials move in or out of the nephron by diffusion, osmosis, and active transport

urine

waste product produced by the kidneys, urine contains water, nitrogenous base (especially urea), and electrolytes (Na, K, Ca, etc.)